1. Refer the given figure. The outputs (Q0–Q3) of the memory are always LOW. The address lines (A0–A7) are checked with a logic probe and all are indicating pulse activity, except for A3, which shows a constant HIGH, and A7, which shows a constant LOW; the select lines, are checked and shows pulse activity, while indicates a constant HIGH. What is wrong, and how can the memory be tested to determine whether it is defective or if the external circuitry is defective?